[Translated from Farsi:] In many wage negotiations, contrary to common beliefs, there is often no increase in wages from the employer’s side. The reason is simple: given the current wage level, retaining skilled and qualified labor is not easy for many employers, especially in medium and large industries. Production units, particularly factories, frequently face the loss of specialized human resources, and they consider raising wages not just as a one-time expense but as a strategy to retain their human capital.

[Translated from Farsi:] Analysis of Gender in the Labor Market Group: shows that higher wages in specialized jobs, such as managers and skilled workers, are sometimes received by women more than men. However, in jobs with lower educational levels, such as simple industrial workers, where women are more numerous, the wage gap in this group is relatively higher.

[Translated from Farsi:] The absence of gender discrimination in wages is much less common in the public sector than in the private sector. In cases where non-wage differences (indicative of discrimination) are very high in the private sector, these differences are more limited in the public sector. One of the reasons for this is the higher representation of women in specialized jobs within the government.

The results indicate that being a woman has a negative impact on wages in both the private and public sectors, but this effect is much more pronounced in the private sector. Additionally, the findings suggest that over time, the gender wage gap among individuals with higher-than-required education is greater than among those with appropriate education levels. For example, in the year 2017 (1396 in the Iranian calendar), gender wage discrimination against women with surplus education was lower than for those with appropriate education, but by 2022 (1401), the gender wage gap among individuals with surplus education had increased compared to those with appropriate education.

This reflects that educational attainment influences the extent of wage discrimination, and the private sector exhibits a larger gender wage gap than the public sector. The public sector tends to have more limited wage disparities, partly due to higher female representation in specialized government jobs.