Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the ability of students to solve problems by applying four principles in the learning process, namely sociocultural, the concept of the zone of proximal development, scaffolding, and mental development departing from the social field to the individual field.

There is no generic drug that can be given for all kinds of learning diseases.

The approach referred to here is pedagogy and andragogy, which today with the rapid development of technology such as the existence of mobile phones and so on, a new approach known as Heutagogy has emerged.

Heutagogy is a self-determined learning study [...]. Heutagogy applies a holistic approach to developing learners' abilities, by learning as an active and proactive process, and students serving as the main agents in their learning, which occurs as a result of personal experiences [...]. As in the andragogy approach, the educator in heutagogy also facilitates the learning process by providing guidance and resources, but the sole choice of ownership of learning paths and processes for learners who negotiate, learn, and determine what to learn and how it will be learned is determined by the student.

Based on Vygotsky's thought, the development of students' abilities can be divided into two, namely the level of actual development and potential development. The actual level of development is seen from the children’s ability to solve problems or tasks independently while the level of potential development is seen from the children’s ability under the guidance of teachers, parents/other people, or peers who have more competent abilities.

The development process of social activities into internal mental activities is called internalization. In all their social activities with teachers, parents, and peers, children always internalize every direction so that in the end they can independently provide direction to themselves in completing their learning tasks (Suci, 2018). A child will achieve a higher cognitive level if the child slowly begins to reduce dependence on problem solving.